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UN 1951 Refugee Convention → Korea Refugee Act

BProbable echo
Evidence tier

Echo patterns are similarity-based hypotheses, not proof of causation. Open the sources and evaluate the linkage yourself.

Evidence Scorecard

A single score cannot prove an echo. This card triangulates semantic, temporal, and linkage evidence.

Probable echo
Semantic
Strong semantic alignment
Temporal
Global precedent precedes Korea
Linkage
Official Korean agency source + concept alignment (no explicit citation recorded)
Tier B Probable echo — agency/committee linkage + global-first timing + semantic signal
Multilingual semantic similarity
cosine similarity (method detail)0.757

Computed with intfloat/multilingual-e5-small multilingual embeddings. Display score is a calibrated mapping of the raw cross-lingual cosine (0.757); higher means closer meaning. Reflects semantic similarity, not proof of causation.

Could also be…

  • Parallel domestic policy development is possible.
  • Industry or market pressure may have driven similar language.
  • A common external shock (e.g., financial crisis, pandemic) could explain parallel adoption.

Interrogate the Evidence

Answers are rendered directly from this record’s own curated fields — nothing is generated.

Bprobable echo · 76%

  • SemanticStrong semantic alignment
  • TemporalGlobal precedent precedes Korea
  • LinkageOfficial Korean agency source + concept alignment (no explicit citation recorded)

Matched concepts: refugees 난민; 1951 Convention 협약; status 인정; 1951 Refugee Convention 난민법 난민협약 이행; non-refoulement principle 강제송환금지 원칙 법제화

Cross-lingual similarity 17/100 (multilingual e5 embedding) — a computed signal, not proof.

Similarity type: treaty accession codified into standalone domestic statute

Matched Concepts

7 pairs
refugees
난민
1951 Convention
협약
status
인정
1951 Refugee Convention
난민법 난민협약 이행
non-refoulement principle
강제송환금지 원칙 법제화
Global Compact on Refugees (2018)
글로벌 난민 컴팩트 국가行动计划
refugee status determination
난민 인정 절차
Original (Global)

The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted in Geneva on 28 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954) and its 1967 Protocol form the cornerstone of international refugee law. The Convention's Article 1A(2) defines a refugee as a person with a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, while Article 33 enshrines the principle of non-refoulement, prohibiting return to a territory where life or freedom would be threatened. The 1967 Protocol removed the Convention's original temporal and geographic limits, extending it universally. UNHCR serves as guardian of both instruments, to which 146 states are party as of June 2026.

Echo (Korea)

대한민국은 1992년 12월 「난민의 지위에 관한 협약」 및 동 의정서에 가입하였고, 그 이전까지 난민 인정은 「출입국관리법」에서만 다루어졌다. 이후 절차의 신속성·투명성·공정성을 제고하고 난민의 처우를 국제 기준에 맞추기 위해 「난민법」(법률 제11298호)이 2012년 2월 10일 제정되어 2013년 7월 1일부터 시행되었다(소관 부처: 법무부). 이는 아시아 최초의 독립 난민 법률이다. 제2조는 난민을 인종·종교·국적·특정 사회집단 구성원 신분·정치적 견해를 이유로 박해받을 우려가 있는 외국인으로 정의하여 협약 제1조A(2) 정의를 수용하였고, 제3조는 난민인정자·인도적체류자·난민신청자의 강제송환을 금지(농르풀망)한다. 그 밖에 난민인정 절차, 협약에 따른 처우, 사회보장 등을 규정한다.

Echo Strength

sourceVerified
hasKoreanSource
hasGlobalSource
hasDate
keywordDiversity
agendaTags
Origin
UNUNHCR
Timeline

1951 Convention / 1967 Protocol → 2012 enactment / 2013 in force

treaty accession codified into standalone domestic statute

Regional DiffusionJP · TW · SG · CN

Korea leads
🇰🇷2013
No echo🇯🇵 Japan🇹🇼 Taiwan🇸🇬 Singapore🇨🇳 China

Korea 2013 난민법 = only standalone refugee statute in the peer set (Asia-first); peers absorb via immigration law or remain non-parties

Sources

Related Patterns

UNHCR Refugee Convention → Korea Refugee Act

UNUNHCR
P(B|A) = 55%agenda
50%

Immigration Detention / GCR

UNUNHCR
P(B|A) = 36%agenda
42%

UNHCR Asylum Procedures → Korea Refugee Status Determination

UNHCR
P(B|A) = 26%agenda
32%

UNHCR #IBelong Campaign → Korea Statelessness Prevention

UNHCR
24%

UNHCR Resettlement Program → Korea Refugee Resettlement Pilot

UNHCR
24%

ESG / Climate Disclosure

UN
20%

Soft Power & Cultural Export (K-content)

UN
20%

Judicial Independence Under Pressure

UN
20%

Gender Policy / Women's Rights Oscillation

UN
P(B|A) = 45%category
20%

ILO Core Conventions → Korean Labor Law Reform

UN
20%

Automotive Cybersecurity (UN R155 / WP.29)

UN
20%

UN 2030 Agenda / SDGs → K-SDGs & Sustainable Development Basic Act

UN
20%

Stockholm / Rotterdam Conventions → Korea Persistent Organic Pollutants Act

UN
20%

Basel Convention → Korea Transboundary Hazardous Waste Act

UN
20%

UN Convention Against Torture (CAT/OPCAT) → Korea

UN
P(B|A) = 45%category
20%

CEDAW → Korea Framework Act on Gender Equality

UN
P(B|A) = 45%category
20%

Outer Space Treaty / UN COPUOS → Korea Space Development Act & KASA

UN
20%

UN Arms Trade Treaty → Korea Foreign Trade Act (strategic items)

UN
20%

UN Global Digital Compact → Korea Digital Bill of Rights

UN
20%

UN Arms Trade Treaty → Korea Arms Export Control

UN
20%

CRPD Article 12 (Equal recognition before the law) → Korea Adult Guardianship System (Civil Code)

UN
P(B|A) = 41%category
14%

CAT Article 4 (Criminalization of torture) → Korea Criminal Act & Administration of Criminal Detention Act

UN
P(B|A) = 40%category
14%

UNODC/UNTOC Protocol on Human Trafficking → Korea Criminal Act & Act on Prevention of Human Trafficking

UN
14%

ESG Disclosure & Green Finance (Banks)

UN
13%

Networked Global Governance Matrix

UN
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

Korea AI Framework Act (2026)

UN
13%

EU CBAM & Korea Response (2026)

UN
13%

ESG Disclosure Mandate (ISSB-aligned)

UN
13%

Deepfake Regulation (2024-2025)

UN
13%

Nuclear Energy Policy Oscillation

UN
13%

Media Consolidation / Press Freedom

UN
13%

Platform Content Moderation (Network Act)

UN
13%

Supply Chain Due Diligence (CSDDD)

UN
13%

Genome Editing & LMO Biosafety (Cartagena Protocol)

UN
13%

IMO Ship Recycling Convention → Korea

UN
13%

ICAO Aviation Safety & Open Skies

UN
13%

KASA & Space Development Promotion Act

UN
13%

Hydrogen Roadmap & IEA Clean Energy Transition

UN
13%

UNESCO Cultural Heritage & Intangible Heritage (Korea Heritage Service)

UN
13%

WHO Mental Health & Suicide Prevention Framework

UN
13%

UNESCO SDG4 & AI Digital Textbooks (Education)

UN
13%

UNFCCC Paris NDC & Korea Carbon Neutrality Act

UN
13%

UNESCO AI Ethics Recommendation → Korea AI Basic Act

UN
13%

ILO Convention 190 (Violence & Harassment) → Korean Workplace Harassment Law

UN
13%

WHO Pandemic Agreement (WHA78) → Korea Infectious Disease Law

UN
13%

EU–Korea Framework Agreement → Political / Global Governance Cooperation

UN
13%

UN Civil Society Participation ↔ Korea Nonprofit Civil Society Registration

UN
13%

CBD / Kunming-Montreal Framework → Korea Biodiversity Act

UN
13%

EU ETS → Korea Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS)

UN
13%

UN CRC → Korea Child Welfare & Child Abuse Punishment Acts

UN
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

CITES → Korea Wildlife Protection & Management Act

UN
13%

Hague Apostille Convention → Korea Document Authentication

UN
13%

Hague Child Abduction Convention → Korea Implementation Act

UN
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

ICAO SARPs (Chicago Convention) → Korea Aviation Safety Act

UN
13%

Minamata Convention on Mercury → Korea Mercury Management

UN
13%

Sendai Framework (UNDRR) → Korea Disaster & Safety Management Act

UN
13%

UNCITRAL Cross-Border Insolvency Model Law → Korea Debtor Rehabilitation Act

UN
13%

Chemical Weapons Convention (OPCW) → Korea CW/BW Prohibition Act

UN
13%

UNFCCC Paris Agreement Article 6 (Carbon Markets) → Korea Emissions Trading Scheme

UN
13%

UNFCCC Global Stocktake (GST) → Korea Carbon Neutrality Framework Act

UN
13%

UNFCCC Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) → Korea National Climate Adaptation Plan

UN
13%

UNFCCC Technology Mechanism → Korea Environmental Technology & Industry Support Act

UN
13%

UNFCCC Gender Action Plan → Korea Framework Act on Gender Equality

UN
13%

CBD Nagoya Protocol on ABS → Korea Genetic Resources Access and Benefit-Sharing Act

UN
13%

CBD Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety → Korea LMO Transboundary Movement Act

UN
13%

Basel Convention (Waste Management Framework) → Korea Waste Management Act

UN
13%

Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments → Korea Circular Economy Act

UN
13%

Basel Convention E-Waste Technical Guidelines → Korea E-Waste Recycling Act

UN
13%

Stockholm Convention (POPs Regulation) → Korea Persistent Organic Pollutants Management Act

UN
13%

Stockholm Convention (PFAS Regulation) → Korea Chemical Substances Management Act

UN
13%

IMO Ballast Water Management Convention → Korea Marine Environment Management Act

UN
13%

IMO Polar Code (Ship Safety in Polar Waters) → Korea Maritime Safety Act

UN
13%

IMO MARPOL Convention → Korea Ship Safety Act

UN
13%

IMO Sulphur 2020 (Global Sulphur Cap) → Korea Eco-Friendly Ships Act

UN
13%

IMO Anti-Fouling Systems Convention → Korea Ship Navigation Act

UN
13%

ICAO Aircraft Noise Standards (Annex 16) → Korea Airport Noise Prevention Act

UN
13%

ICAO Long-Term Aspirational Goal (LTAG) → Korea Aviation Business Act

UN
13%

ICAO Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) → Korea Carbon Neutrality Framework Act

UN
13%

ICAO Annex 17 (Aviation Security) → Korea Aviation Security Act

UN
13%

UN SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) → Korea Energy Act

UN
13%

IPCC WG3 (Climate Mitigation) → Korea Energy Use Rationalization Act

UN
13%

IPCC AR6 (Energy Systems Transition) → Korea Urban Gas Business Act

UN
13%

UN Cybercrime Treaty → Korea Cybercrime Investigation Framework

UN
13%

UNCITRAL CISG → Korea International Sale of Goods Act

UN
13%

UNCITRAL Model Law on Arbitration → Korea Arbitration Act

UN
13%

CRC Optional Protocol on Sale of Children → Korea Child Welfare Act & Act on Protection of Children and Youth against Sex Offenses

UN
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

CRPD Article 9 (Accessibility) → Korea Disability Anti-Discrimination Act & Convenience Promotion Act

UN
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

CEDAW General Recommendation 35 (Gender-based violence) → Korea Framework Act on Prevention of Violence Against Women

UN
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

CEDAW Article 7 (Political participation) → Korea Gender Equality Act & Political Parties Act

UN
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

FATF Proliferation Financing → 대량살상무기확산자금조달금지법

UN
13%

UNDRR Sendai Framework → 재난안전관리기본법 (재난위험경감)

UN
13%

UNDRR Sendai Framework Monitor → 한국 재난통계 및 지표체계

UN
13%

UNDRR Early Warnings for All → 한국 조기경보시스템

UN
13%

UNDRR National Platform → 한국 국가재난안전포털

UN
13%

IAEA Nuclear Safety Standards → Korea Nuclear Safety Act

UN
13%

IAEA Fusion Energy / ITER → Korea Nuclear Energy Promotion Act

UN
13%

IAEA Nuclear Energy / Peaceful Uses → Korea Power Development Promotion Act

UN
13%

UNFCCC Paris Agreement NDC → 탄소중립기본법 시행령 (Carbon Neutrality Framework Enforcement Decree)

UN
13%

ICAO Annex 19 Safety Management → 항공안전법 시행령 (Aviation Safety Enforcement Decree)

UN
13%

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) Guidelines → 원자력안전위원회·전략물자관리원 핵비확산 고시 (NSSC Nuclear Export Control Notice)

UN
13%

UNDRIP (UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) → Korea's Traditional Community & Cultural Heritage Policies

UN
13%

IAEA GSR Part 4 (Safety Assessment) → 원자력안전법 시행령 (Nuclear Safety Enforcement Decree)

UN
13%

ITU Radio Regulations (RR) → 방송통신위원회·국립전파연구원 전파설비 고시 (KCC Radio Equipment Notice)

UN
13%

IAEA GSR Part 3 (Radiation Protection) → 원자력안전위원회 방사선안전 고시 (NSSC Radiation Safety Notice)

UN
13%

IMO SOLAS Chapter XI-2 (ISPS Code) → 해사안전법 시행령 (Maritime Safety Enforcement Decree)

UN
13%

AI Misinformation Laws

UN
10%

Green Taxonomy / K-Taxonomy Classification

UN
10%

AI Transparency & Generative AI Labeling

UN
10%

EU REACH / GHS → Korean K-REACH & Chemicals Control Act

UN
10%

UN Anti-Corruption Convention (UNCAC) → Korea Conflict-of-Interest Act

UN
P(B|A) = 38%agenda
10%

UN CRPD → Korea Disability Anti-Discrimination Act

UN
10%

UN Global Plastics Treaty (INC) → Korea Plastic Reduction Policy

UN
10%

WIPO Marrakesh Treaty → Korea Copyright Act (accessible works)

UN
P(B|A) = 38%agenda
10%

UN Convention vs Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo) → Korea

UN
10%

UNFCCC Just Transition → Korea Employment Policy Framework Act

UN
10%

UNFCCC Climate Finance (GCF/Standing Committee) → Korea Environmental Policy Framework Act

UN
10%

UNCLOS Part XII (Marine Environment Protection) → Korea Marine Environment Management Act

UN
10%

Rotterdam Convention (PIC Procedure) → Korea Chemical Registration & Assessment Act

UN
10%

Minamata Convention (Mercury-Added Products) → Korea Environmental Health Act

UN
10%

SAICM / Global Framework on Chemicals → Korea Consumer Chemical Products Safety Act

UN
10%

ILO/WHO Asbestos Convention → Korea Asbestos Safety Management Act

UN
10%

UN Energy Compacts → Korea New & Renewable Energy Act

UN
10%

UNFCCC Renewable Energy Workstream → Korea Electric Utility Act

UN
10%

UN Energy / Hydrogen Economy → Korea Hydrogen Economy Act

UN
10%

UNFCCC Energy Sector Mitigation → Korea Petroleum Business Act

UN
10%

UNCAC Article 33 (Protection of whistleblowers) → Korea Public Interest Whistleblower Protection Act

UN
P(B|A) = 38%agenda
10%

UNCAC Chapter II (Preventive anti-corruption measures) → Korea Improper Solicitation and Graft Act (Kim Young-ran Act)

UN
P(B|A) = 38%agenda
10%

UN Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation → 한국 국제조세 협력 체계

UN
10%

IMO MARPOL Annex VI (EEDI/EEXI) → 해양환경관리법 시행령 (Marine Environment Enforcement Decree)

UN
10%

Semantically Related

Closest patterns by multilingual embedding (e5) — conceptual similarity beyond shared keywords. A computed signal, not a sourced claim.

Keywords
난민법난민협약난민의 지위에 관한 협약1967년 의정서비호농르풀망강제송환 금지난민인정인도적체류법무부출입국관리법Refugee Act1951 Refugee Convention1967 ProtocolUNHCRnon-refoulementasylumrefugee status determinationwell-founded fear of persecution
Score Guide
ConfidenceEditorial judgment, now shown as a confidence tier (A–D) based on semantic, temporal, and linkage evidence. Not proof of causation.
Echo StrengthMetadata completeness score. Rewards verified sources, paired links, explicit dates, keyword diversity, and origin tags.
Vocabulary OverlapHeuristic score measuring shared tokens between global and Korean texts. Reflects loanwords and repeated terms, not meaning across languages.
PATTERN #refugee-convention-1