Skip to content
Other✓ verified

WTO Government Procurement Agreement → Korea National Contracts Act & KONEPS

BProbable echo
Evidence tier

Echo patterns are similarity-based hypotheses, not proof of causation. Open the sources and evaluate the linkage yourself.

Evidence Scorecard

A single score cannot prove an echo. This card triangulates semantic, temporal, and linkage evidence.

Probable echo
Semantic
Strong semantic alignment
Temporal
Global precedent precedes Korea
Linkage
Official Korean agency source + concept alignment (no explicit citation recorded)
Tier B — Probable echo — agency/committee linkage + global-first timing + semantic signal
Multilingual semantic similarity
cosine similarity (method detail)0.798

Computed with intfloat/multilingual-e5-small multilingual embeddings. Display score is a calibrated mapping of the raw cross-lingual cosine (0.798); higher means closer meaning. Reflects semantic similarity, not proof of causation.

Could also be…

  • •Parallel domestic policy development is possible.
  • •Industry or market pressure may have driven similar language.
  • •A common external shock (e.g., financial crisis, pandemic) could explain parallel adoption.

Interrogate the Evidence

Answers are rendered directly from this record’s own curated fields — nothing is generated.

Bprobable echo · 84%

  • SemanticStrong semantic alignment
  • TemporalGlobal precedent precedes Korea
  • LinkageOfficial Korean agency source + concept alignment (no explicit citation recorded)

Matched concepts: Government Procurement ↔ 계약; international tendering ↔ 입찰; Agreement ↔ 국가를 당사자로 하는

Cross-lingual similarity 43/100 (multilingual e5 embedding) — a computed signal, not proof.

Similarity type: treaty implementation

Matched Concepts

3 pairs
Government Procurement
↓
계약
international tendering
↓
입찰
Agreement
↓
국가를 당사자로 하는
Original (Global)

The WTO Agreement③ on Government Procurement① (GPA), originally adopted in 1994 and revised in 2012, requires signatory parties to open covered public procurement above specified SDR thresholds to international competition under principles of non-discrimination, national treatment, and transparency.

Echo (Korea)

한국은 우루과이라운드 정부조달협정 이행을 위해 1995년 1월 5일 「국가를 당사자로 하는③ 계약①에 관한 법률」(국가계약①법, 법률 제4868호)을 제정(시행 1995년 7월 6일)하고, 1997년 1월 1일 GPA 1994 발효 이후 국제입찰② 의무를 적용하였으며, 2002년 10월 「나라장터(KONEPS)」를 출범시켜 연간 120조 원 이상 규모의 전자조달을 처리하고 있다. 2016년 1월 14일 개정 GPA 2012가 발효됨에 따라 동법 제4조에 근거하여 기획재정부가 2년마다 SDR 기준금액(중앙정부 물품·용역 13만 SDR, 공사 500만 SDR)을 원화로 고시하고 있다.

Echo Strength

sourceVerified
hasKoreanSource
hasGlobalSource
hasDate
keywordDiversity
agendaTags
Origin
WTO
Timeline

1994 GPA / 2012 revised GPA → 1995 국가계약법 제정 / 1997 GPA 발효 / 2002 나라장터 / 2016 개정 GPA 발효

treaty implementation

Sources

🌍wto.org
🇰🇷국가법령정보센터 · 국가를 당사자로 하는 계약에 관한 법률

Related Patterns

WTO Government Procurement Agreement → Korea Government Procurement System

WTO
P(B|A) = 55%agenda
50%

WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement → Korea Customs Act Reform

WTO
P(B|A) = 35%agenda
40%

WTO SPS Agreement → Korea Food Sanitation Act

WTO
P(B|A) = 50%agenda
40%

WTO TBT Agreement → Korea Industrial Standards Act

WTO
P(B|A) = 50%agenda
40%

WTO SCM Agreement → Korea Subsidy Regulation Framework

WTO
P(B|A) = 50%agenda
40%

WTO TBT Agreement → 국가표준기본법 TBT 협정 이행

WTO
P(B|A) = 35%agenda
40%

WTO SPS Agreement → 식품위생법 SPS 협정 이행

WTO
P(B|A) = 35%agenda
40%

WTO Agreement on Agriculture → Korea Agricultural Tariff & Subsidy Reform

WTO
P(B|A) = 50%agenda
40%

WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement → Korea Anti-Dumping Duty System

WTO
P(B|A) = 50%agenda
40%

WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding → Korea WTO Litigation Practice

WTO
P(B|A) = 50%agenda
40%

EU-Korea FTA Chapter 9 (Government Procurement) → 국가계약법·조달사업법 (Procurement Chapter Implementation)

WTO
P(B|A) = 50%category
29%

WTO SPS & Imported Food Safety Alignment

WTO
20%

UPOV Convention → Korea Plant Variety Protection Act

WTO
P(B|A) = 45%category
20%

DEPA (Digital Economy Partnership Agreement) → 데이터기반행정법·전자문서법 (DEPA Accession Alignment)

WTO
20%

RCEP Chapter 12 (E-Commerce) → 전자상거래법·개인정보보호법 (RCEP Digital Trade Implementation)

WTO
20%

KORUS FTA Chapter 13 (Financial Services) → 금융위·금감원 규제 (Financial Services Chapter Implementation)

WTO
P(B|A) = 41%category
15%

CPTPP Chapter 14 (E-Commerce) → 전자문서법·개인정보보호법 (CPTPP Digital Trade Alignment)

WTO
13%

KORUS FTA Chapter 18 (IPR Enforcement) → 저작권법 개정 (Copyright Act Amendment for KORUS)

WTO
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

EU-Korea FTA Chapter 5 (SPS) → 식품위생법·식물방역법 (SPS Chapter Implementation)

WTO
13%

EU-Korea FTA Chapter 4 (TBT) → 국가표준기본법·전기용품안전법 (TBT Chapter Implementation)

WTO
P(B|A) = 40%category
13%

CPTPP Accession → Korean Trade Law & Data Sovereignty

WTO
10%

Codex Alimentarius Standards → KS H Codex 식품규격 (Korean Food Standards)

WTO
P(B|A) = 28%agenda
10%

Semantically Related

Closest patterns by multilingual embedding (e5) — conceptual similarity beyond shared keywords. A computed signal, not a sourced claim.

WTO Government Procurement Agreement → Korea Government Procurement System

Trade & Supply Chain

cos 0.92

EU-Korea FTA Chapter 9 (Government Procurement) → 국가계약법·조달사업법 (Procurement Chapter Implementation)

Other

cos 0.90

UN Anti-Corruption Convention (UNCAC) → Korea Conflict-of-Interest Act

Rights & Anti-corruption

cos 0.88

OECD/G20 Pillar Two Global Minimum Tax → Korea 국제조세조정법 글로벌최저한세

Finance

cos 0.88

OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines → Korea Transfer Pricing Rules

Finance

cos 0.88

UN Convention Against Torture (CAT/OPCAT) → Korea

Rights & Anti-corruption

cos 0.88
Keywords
WTO GPAGovernment Procurement Agreement정부조달협정국가계약법나라장터KONEPS조달청Public Procurement Service국제입찰SDR threshold녹색조달green procurement중소기업 우대SME preference전자조달e-procurement내국민대우비차별원칙
Score Guide
Confidence — Editorial judgment, now shown as a confidence tier (A–D) based on semantic, temporal, and linkage evidence. Not proof of causation.
Echo Strength — Metadata completeness score. Rewards verified sources, paired links, explicit dates, keyword diversity, and origin tags.
Vocabulary Overlap — Heuristic score measuring shared tokens between global and Korean texts. Reflects loanwords and repeated terms, not meaning across languages.
PATTERN #wto-gpa-1